{"id":1139,"date":"2017-06-06T13:32:59","date_gmt":"2017-06-06T11:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/?p=1139"},"modified":"2017-07-17T13:42:36","modified_gmt":"2017-07-17T11:42:36","slug":"carotenoide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/?p=1139","title":{"rendered":"Carotenoide"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5>Duic\u0103 Mihaela Elena, profesor, chimie, Liceul Teoretic &#8222;Ion Heliade R\u0103dulescu&#8221; T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te<\/h5>\n<p>Carotenoidele sunt pigmen\u0163i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u0163i \u00een \u0163esuturile vegetale \u015fi animale, c\u0103rora le confer\u0103 culori specifice ( cu nuan\u0163e situate \u00eentre galben \u015fi ro\u015fu). Cantitatea de carotenoide \u00een frunzele uscate este de 250-650 ng\/g [1].<\/p>\n<p>Carotenoidele sunt tetraterpenoide (C<sub>40<\/sub>) sintetizate numai de organismul vegetal; \u00een organismul animal sunt introduse cu hrana\u00a0 [2].<\/p>\n<p>Carotenoidele\u00a0 sunt substan\u0163e insolubile \u00een ap\u0103, dar solubile \u00een solven\u0163i organici nepolari\u00a0 [1].<\/p>\n<p>Existen\u0163a carotenoidelor este cunoscut\u0103 de mult timp. Carotina din morcov de exemplu a fost izolat\u0103 \u00een stare cristalizat\u0103 de Wackenroder \u00eenc\u0103 din 1831, iar Berzelius s-a ocupat de colorantul galben din frunzele de toamn\u0103 \u00een anul 1937.<\/p>\n<p>S-a estimat c\u0103 natura produce peste 100 milioane tone de pigmen\u0163i carotenoidici pe an.\u00a0 O mare varietate de alimente-tomate, caise, portocale, g\u0103lbenu\u015f de ou, unt, creve\u0163i, somon, porumb etc \u2013 \u00ee\u015fi datoreaz\u0103 culoarea \u00een principal carotenoidelor, la fel ca \u015fi extractele de coloran\u0163i alimentari ca annatto, ulei de palmier, de ardei \u015fi \u015fofran\u00a0 [3].<\/p>\n<p>Pigmen\u0163ii carotenoidici sunt implica\u0163i \u00een : recep\u0163ia ocular\u0103 a luminii, cre\u015fterea \u015fi reproducerea organismelor, fotosinteza, fototropismul, protec\u0163ie la fotodistruc\u0163ie, procese antioxidante [1].<\/p>\n<p>Cele mai multe carotenoide au molecule compuse din 40 atomi de carbon \u015fi doar pu\u0163ine posed\u0103 molecule mai mici, provenind probabil prin degradarea oxidativ\u0103\u00a0 a primelor.<\/p>\n<p>Carotenoidele se \u00eempart \u00een :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hidrocarburi carotenoidice C<sub>40<\/sub>H<sub>56<\/sub>;<\/li>\n<li>Deriva\u0163i oxigena\u0163i ai hidrocarburilor carotenoidice (alcooli, epoxizi, oxizi furanoidici, cetone);<\/li>\n<li>Acizi carboxilici cu mai pu\u0163in de 40 de atomi de carbon \u00een molecul\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Trebuie men\u0163ionat faptul c\u0103 de\u015fi toate carotenoidele izolate din plante \u015fi animale nu sunt toxice pentru om, nu toate se separ\u0103 pentru a fi utilizate \u00een calitate de coloran\u0163i alimentari sau cosmetici, deoarece concentra\u0163ia lor \u00een plante \u015fi \u0163esuturi animale este relativ mic\u0103. [3].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hidrocarburi carotenoidice<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Din aceast\u0103 categorie fac parte:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amestecul de <strong><em>\u03b1 \u2013 caroten <\/em><\/strong><strong>(<\/strong>1), <strong><em>\u03b2<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><em>caroten<\/em><\/strong> (2) \u015fi <strong><em>\u03b3<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; <strong><em>caroten<\/em><\/strong> (3) cunoscut sub numele de Natural Yellow 26 \u015fi Natural Brown 5 ( C. I. 1956 nr. 75130 ), r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit \u00een toate p\u0103r\u0163ile verzi ale plantelor ca \u00eenso\u0163itori ai calorofilei[3]:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>b <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>&#8211; carotenul<\/em><\/strong>, C<sub>40<\/sub>H<sub>56<\/sub>, cristalizeaz\u0103 din eter de petrol sub form\u0103 de pl\u0103ci de culoare ro\u015fie \u00eenchis\u0103 spre violet cu p.t. = 183<sup>0<\/sup>C.\u00a0 Ea este carotenoida cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u00een natur\u0103. \u00a0b &#8211; carotenul se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een toate plantele verzi al\u0103turi de clorofil\u0103. \u00a0A fost izolat\u0103 din morcov (Daucus carota ) de Wackenroder ( 1831 ). b &#8211; carotenul este \u00eenso\u0163it \u00een plante de un izomer al lui,\u00a0 a &#8211; carotenul.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1142 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"692\" height=\"185\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_1.png 692w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_1-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_1-150x40.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figura nr.1 \u2013 Structura <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>b <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>&#8211; carotenului<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Licopina,<\/em><\/strong> C<sub>40<\/sub>H<sub>56<\/sub> este hidrocarbura de culoare ro\u015fie din p\u0103tl\u0103gelele ro\u015fii (Solanum lycopersicum). Apare \u015fi \u00een unele materiale animale (unt, ser sanguin, ficat etc) [3].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Licopina este un pigment carotenoidic biosintetizat de plante \u015fi microorganisme. \u00cen sursele naturale, plante, apare \u00een forma all-trans dar \u00een prezen\u0163a luminii, c\u0103ldurii, a unor agen\u0163i chimici, poate izomeriza la forme cis. \u00cen plasma uman\u0103 apare sub form\u0103 de amestec de izomeri trans \u015fi cis, izomerii cis reprezent\u00e2nd aproximativ 50% din total [Britton, 1983].<\/p>\n<p>Licopina se caracterizeaz\u0103 printr-o mare capacitate antioxidant\u0103, ea inactiv\u00e2nd oxigenul singlet, radicalii hidroxil \u015fi cei peroxid [ Riso \u015fi colab. ,\u00a0 1990].\u00a0 Numeroase studii, at\u00e2t epidemiologice c\u00e2t \u015fi pe modele animale, au demonstrat faptul c\u0103 suplimentarea dietei cu produse naturale cu un con\u0163inut ridicat \u00een licopin\u0103, \u00een special tomate \u015fi produse alimentare ob\u0163inute din tomate, reduce riscul apari\u0163iei unor diverse tipuri de cancer, cum sunt cele ale cavit\u0103\u0163ii bucale, esofag, colon, cancerul de s\u00e2n \u015fi cel de prostat\u0103 [Kim si colab. , 2000].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1143 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_2.png 700w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_2-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_2-150x43.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figura nr. 2 \u2013 Structura <\/em><\/strong><strong><em>licopinei<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Molecula licopinei este compus\u0103 din dou\u0103 jum\u0103t\u0103\u0163i identice formate fiecare din patru resturi de izopren, unite \u201ccap la coad\u0103\u201d; la mijlocul moleculei modul de legare se inverseaz\u0103. Acest mod de construc\u0163ie se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u015fte la toate carotenoidele; se admite c\u0103 biosinteza acestor tetraterpenoide are loc prin unirea a dou\u0103 diterpenoide.<\/p>\n<p>Structura carotenoidelor a fost studiat\u0103 de marii chimi\u015fti ai perioadei clasice, Berzelius (1837) ,Willstatter ( 1907) \u015fi dup\u0103 1930 de P. Karrer, R. Kuhn, L. Zechmeister; aceste cercet\u0103ri au dus la cunoa\u015fterea structurii a peste 50 de carotenoide \u015fi la sinteza lor[2].<\/p>\n<p>Pigmen\u0163ii carotenoidici reprezint\u0103 totalitatea carotenoidelor vegetale. Ace\u015ftia sunt pigmen\u0163ii cei mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u0163i din tot regnul vegetal. \u00cen regnul animal, ace\u015fti pigmen\u0163i provin din alimentele de natur\u0103 vegetal\u0103. Carotenoidele sunt pigmen\u0163i colora\u0163i \u00een galben, portocaliu, ro\u015fu, violet etc. \u00cen organismul vegetal se afl\u0103 \u00een stare liber\u0103 sau \u00een combina\u0163ie cu haloproteidele si glucidele (carotenoproteide, glicozide carotenoidice). Pigmen\u0163ii carotenoidici sunt r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u0163i \u00een toate organele plantelor cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 clorofil\u0103 (frunze, fructe, tulpin\u0103, bulb, semin\u0163e etc.). Con\u0163inutul de pigmen\u0163i carotenoidici depinde de natura speciei \u015fi de influen\u0163a condi\u0163iilor de mediu.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1144 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_3.png 360w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_3-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_3-300x300.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>a) Plant\u0103 ce con\u0163ine lutein\u0103<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1145 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_4.png 200w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_4-150x116.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>b) Plant\u0103 ce con\u0163ine carotenoide<br \/>\nFigura nr.3.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1146 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_5.png 360w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_5-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_5-120x150.png 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em>Figura nr.4. \u00a0Plant\u0103 ce con\u0163ine pigment carotenoidic ro\u015fu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1147 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6-300x196.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6-768x502.png 768w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6-1024x670.png 1024w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6-150x98.png 150w, https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1139_6.png 1193w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\nFigura nr.5. Alge<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliografie selectiv\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] V.M. Gorduza, C. T\u0103r\u0103b\u0103\u015fanu- Mih\u0103il\u0103, A. Atanasiu, C. Pop \u015fi al\u0163ii, &#8211;\u00a0 \u201e<em>Coloran\u0163i organici- Aplica\u0163ii neconven\u0163ionale\u201d<\/em>, Ed. UNI \u2013 Press, Bucure\u015fti, <strong>2003.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[2] M.Avram, &#8211; ,,<em>Chimie organic\u0103,, <\/em>vol.2, Ed. Academia RSR, Bucure\u015fti, <strong>1983.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[3] C.N.T\u0103r\u0103b\u0103\u015fanu- Mih\u0103il\u0103, V.M. Gorduza, F. Radu, M.M\u0103zg\u0103reanu, &#8211; ,,<em>Coloran\u0163i organici de interes alimentar, cosmetic \u015fi farmaceutic\u201d, <\/em>Ed. UNI \u2013 Press, Bucure\u015fti, <strong>1998.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Duic\u0103 Mihaela Elena, profesor, chimie, Liceul Teoretic &#8222;Ion Heliade R\u0103dulescu&#8221; T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te Carotenoidele sunt pigmen\u0163i r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u0163i \u00een \u0163esuturile vegetale \u015fi animale, c\u0103rora le confer\u0103 culori specifice ( cu nuan\u0163e situate \u00eentre galben \u015fi ro\u015fu). Cantitatea de carotenoide \u00een frunzele uscate este de 250-650 ng\/g [1]. Carotenoidele sunt tetraterpenoide (C40) sintetizate numai de organismul vegetal; \u00een organismul&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-natura-si-omul"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1139"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1148,"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1139\/revisions\/1148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1139"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1139"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revista.newprojects.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}